Posts Tagged ‘increase’

Bosentan
Type of Drug     Endothelia receptor antagonist.
Prescribed For
Pulmonary arterial hypertension.
General Information
These drugs lower blood pressure by working on the endothelin system. Endothelia is a hormone that plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure. It is normally found in blood vessels, but endothelin levels are very high in the blood and lungs of people with pulmonary arterial hypertension. People with this condition have high blood pressure, trouble breathing, and get very tired even when walking or doing other moderate exercising. Pulmonary arterial hypertension can be fatal.
Cautions and Warnings
These drugs should not be used by those who are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients.
Bosentan can cause liver injury. People taking these drugs should have their liver enzymes checked monthly. Enzyme increases can be a sign of liver injury and may be a reason to stop taking bosentan.
These drugs are broken down in the liver. People with liver damage should take them with caution.
These drugs should not be taken during pregnancy as they are likely to cause birth defects (see “Special Populations”).
These drugs cause a reduction in red blood cells, leading to anemia. Larger doses of bosentan cause a greater loss of red blood cells.
Possible Side Effects
Ambrisentan
Most side effects are mild. Only stuffy nose increases with increased dosage.
V Most common: swelling k%) -aims or legs, stuffy nose, si1)u6fis, flushing, heart palpitations, abdominal pain, constipation, difficulty breathing, and headache.
Bosentan
♦ Most common: headache and sore throat and nose.
Drug Interactions
•    It is possible that bosentan may cause failure of hormonal contraceptives.
•    Cyclosporine, used to prevent transplant rejection, increases blood levels of bosentan and ambrisentan. Do not combine these drugs.
•    Mixing glyburide, an antidiabetes drug, with bosentan increases the risk of elevated liver enzyme levels. Do not combine these drugs.
•    Ketoconazole greatly increases blood levels of bosentan by slowing its breakdown in the liver.
•    Combining bosentan with a statin-type cholesterol - lowering drug such as simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin reduces the amount of statin drug in the blood. Dose increases may be needed.
•    Bosentan can reduce the amount of warfarin in the blood by
about 1/3. Changes in warfarin dosage may be needed.
•    Combining ambrisentan with atanazavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, ritonavir, omeprazole, saquinavir,or telithromycin may increase the amount of ambrisentan in the blood. Caution is advised.
•    Combining ambrisentan with rifampin may reduce the
amount of ambrisentan in the blood. Caution is advised.
Food Interactions
These drugs may be taken with or without food.
U’Suk Dose
Ambrisentan
Adult (age 18 and over): 5-10 mg once a day. Do not crush, split, or chew these tablets.
Child: not recommended.
Possible Side Effects (continued)
♦    Common: flushing, abnormal liver blood pressure, and heart
♦    Less common: upset stomach, tiredness.
ver function, leg swelling, palpitations.
, swelling, itching, anemia,
Bosentan
Adult (age 18 and over): 62.5 mg twice a day for 4 weeks, then
125 mg twice a day.
Child: not recommended.
Overdosage
Massive overdose may result in severe lowering of blood pressure, requiring emergency attention. The most common effects associated with overdosage are headache, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, and nausea and vomiting. Overdose victims should be taken to a hospital emergency room for treatment. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Do not stop taking these drugs without gradually reducing the dosage as instructed by your doctor.
If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Contact your doctor at once if you develop severe itching, yellowing of the skin or eyes, tiredness, swelling in the arms or legs, nausea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal pain.
Doctors must enroll in special restricted distribution programs before they can prescribe these medicines, because of the risks of liver injury and birth defects associated with them. These medicines are not available in regular pharmacies but are mailed to you from a central pharmacy only after the testing and other program requirements have been met by your doctor.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: These medicines are very likely to cause major birth defects and should not be taken by pregnant women. Women must be sure they are not pregnant before beginning these treatments.
Women should also use non-hormone contraceptives while on these drugs. Hormone-based contraceptives such as birth control pills, injections, and implants may not work in women taking Wst m or ambrisentan.
It is not known if either of these medicines passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers should use infant formula.
Seniors: The greater chance of kidney, liver, and cardiac function side effects in seniors may affect drug dosage. Seniors may also experience more swelling in the arms or legs.

Notes on dosage
In this dictionary of drugs, the doses, unless otherwise stated, are average daily doses for adults, and are normally given as divided doses at suitable intervals. An indication is given of those few drugs that are taken as a single daily dose, or where
the dose is based on the surface area of the body expressed as square metres (ml).
When a dose range is indicated, a small initial dose is often followed by gradually increasing doses according to need and response, but with long-acting drugs care must be taken to avoid excessive dosage, as such drugs may then accumulate in the body and have toxic side-effects. It should be noted that the side-effects of a drug may prevent the administration of an optimum therapeutic dose, and a recommended dose is often a compromise between activity and toxicity. The gap is sometimes referred to as the ‘therapeutic window’, and the wider the gap the safer the drug.
Dosage is also influenced by the route of administration, as oral doses are normally larger than those given by intramuscular injection, and the latter are in turn larger than those given intravenously. The weight, age and sex of a patient may also have to be taken into account when assessing dosage. Renal and hepatic
-impairment may require an adjustment of dose, whereas if tolerance to a drug
develops, a larger dose may be required to evoke an adequate response. Dosage
also requires particular care during pregnancy if toxic effects on the fetus are to be avoided and, ideally, no drug should be given in pregnancy unless the need outweighs the risks.
Doses for infants also present problems. Their drug-detoxifying enzyme
systems and renal excretory capabilities are not fully developed although,
paradoxically, they have higher metabolic rates than adults, and so may sometimes require an apparently relatively high dose of a drug.

Doses for the elderly also frequently require modification, as their reduced renal efficiency may cause accumulation of the drug and increase susceptibility to toxic effects, unless reduced doses are given. Elderly patients are, in any case, more susceptible to nephrotic drugs generally. Hepatic disease may also increase drug toxicity as liver enzymes play a major part in drug metabolism, and severe liver disease may give rise to a drug toxicity that might not otherwise occur. Hyperlipidaemic drugs, fusidic acid and some antifungal agents of the ketoconazole type are examples of drugs best avoided in hepatic disease. Multiple therapy may also lead to an increased and not always appreciated incidence of drug toxicity. For further information on these important aspects of drug dosage, a book for nurses on drugs and pharmacology should be consulted.

Controlled drugs
Drugs likely to cause dependence and misuse are referred to as ‘controlled drugs’ (CDs), as they are subject to the strict prescription requirements of the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, and are distinguished in this book by a dagger t. They include opium, morphine, heroin (diamorphine), pethidine and other synthetic, potent analgesics/narcotics, dihydrocodeine injection, barbiturates (except intravenous anaesthetics) and amphetamines. Controlled drugs can be supplied only on receipt of a hand-written prescription from the prescriber, giving full details of the patient, the drug, the form and strength of the prescription to be dispensed, and the total amount to be supplied expressed in both words and figures. Certain weak preparations of some controlled drugs, such as Kaolin and Morphine Mixture for diarrhoea, with which misuse is unlikely, are exempt from control, and can be obtained without prescription.

tiaprofenic acid A non-steroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent with the actions, uses and side-effects of related NSAIDs such as naproxen.
Dose: 600-800 nig daily. Mild oedema may occur with extended treatment. Peptic ulcer and asthma are contraindications. Severe cystitis is an occasional side-effect. It should not be given to patients with urinary tract disorders, and should he withdrawn at once if any
urinary symptoms develop. (Surgarn). See Page 165 and Table 29.
t1bolone A compound described as an gonadomimetic steroid as it has oestrogenic and progestogenic properties. It is used to control the vasomotor symptoms of the menopause, including those surgically induced as well as those occurring naturally.
Dose: 2.5 ing daily for some months. Similar doses in the prophylaxis of osteoporosis. Side-effects are headache, dizziness and vaginal bleeding. Treatment should be withdrawn if any thromboembolic symptoms or jaundice appear. (1,ivial).
Dose: 400 nig as a single daily dose for 12 weeks, to be taken with water at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after meals. Antacids and milk should be avoided. The improvement in serum alkaline phosphatase activity may persist, and a second course needed only after an interval of at least 6 months. Gastrointestinal side-effects are common, but renal function should be monitored regularly. (Skelid).
timolol A beta-andrenergic blocking agent of the propranolol type, used in the control of angina and hypertension. Dose: 10-60nigdaily. In the prophylactic t i catment of migraine, 10-20 ing daily. (,’are is necessary in bradycardia, cardiac insufficiency and bronchial disease. It is also of value as eye drops (0.25%-0.5%) in simple chronic glaucoma, as it reduces infra-ocular pressure by reducing the formation of the aqueous humour. (Betim; Blocadren; Timoptol). See pages 148 & 154, and Table 21.
tinidazole A drug similar to metronidazole, and used mainly in the prophylaxis and treatment of anaerobic infections and anioebiasis.
Dose: 2 g initially, followed by I g daily for 5 days. A single oral (lose of 2 g is given 12 hours before abdominal surgery, and a similar single dose is given in amoebiasis and giardiasis. Side-effects are nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. A disulfiram-like -like reaction may occur if alcohol is taken. ( Fasigyn).
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ticarcillin An antibiotic with an increased activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In pseudomonal septicaemia, combined treatment with an aminoglycoside anti biotic such as gentamicin may evoke an increased response.
Dose: 15-20 g daily by slow i.v. injection or infusion in systemic infections; 3-4 g daily by i.m. injection in urinary infections. (Ticar). It is sometimes given together with clavulanic acid as Timentin, but it delayed post-treatment reaction with Tinientin is cholestatic jaundice, thought to be due to clavulanic acid.
tiludronic acid A bisphosphonate that inhibit., (fie [)one resorbing activity of osteoclasts, and so reduces the excessive demineralization of bone that occurs in Paget’s disease.
tinzaparin A low-molecular weight heparin ti,cd in the prevention ofthromboembolism.
Dose: by s.c. injection 2500-3000 units daily for 7-10 days. It is also used to prevent clotting in haemodialysis apparatus. (Innohep; Logiparin). See dalteparin and enoxaparin. With these products laboratory control is not necessary.
tioconazole An antifungal agent used in
tines infections of the nails by the
extended application of a 289/6 solution. Treatment for 6 months or more may be necessary. (Trosyl).
titanium dioxide A metallic oxide, similar to zinc oxide, with mild astringent properties. It is present in some sunburn protection preparations.

tizanidine A central alpha, receptor agonist use([ in the spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and spinal injury. Dose: 2 ing weekly, increased according to response up to 24 ing daily. Monitor liver function monthly for 4 months. (Zaiiallex).
tobramycin An aminoglycoside antibiotic with the actions, uses and side-effects of gentamicin, but considered to be more active against Pseudomonas aerugi . nosa. Dose: 3-5 nig1kg daily by i.m. injection or i.v. infusion. It may be given together with a penicillin or nictroniclazole in serious mixed infections. Care is necessary to avoid the ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides. (Nebcin).
tocainide An anti-arrhythmic agent similar in action to lignocaine. It is a powerful drug, and may cause severe blood dis(urhances, and its use is largely restricted to the control of life-threatening arrhythmias not responding to other drugs.
Dose: 1.2-2.4 g daily. Blood counts during treatment are essential. Side-effects include bradycardia, hypotension, rash, tremor and aplastic anaemia. (Tonocard).
tocopherol A synthetic form of vitamin E.
tolazamide An oral hypoglycaemic agent related to tolbutamide, with similar actions, uses and side-effects.
Dose: 100-250 mg daily, increased if necessary up to a maximum dose of I g daily. (Tolanase). See page 131 and Table 13.
tolbutamide A sulphonylurea used like Jilorproparnicle in the treatment of maturity-onset diabetes, but it has a shorter action, and twice-daily doses are usually necessary. It is effective only when some insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are still functioning, and a return to insulin therapy may be necessary during illness and infection. Tolbutarnide is not suitable for the treatment of juvenile or severe diabetes.
Dose: 0.5-2 g daily. Side-effects include hypoglycaemia, poglycaernia. rash, Jaundice and blood dyscrasias, but are uncommon with low doses. (Rastinoo). See page 131 and
Table 13.
tolcapone An inhibitor of the enzyme concerned with the biosynthesis of dopamine. It is used with other drugs in the
treatment of parkinsonism in initial doses of 100 mg 3 times a day. Side-effects are dyskinesia, nausea and sleep disturbances. (Tasmar). See page 160 and Table 26.
tolfenamic acid A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) but exceptional in being used in the treatment of migraine, on the basis that prostaglandins are involved in the pathology of migraine. Dose: 200 mg at the onset of an attack, repeated once after 2-3 hours if necessary. Close monitoring is required if anticoagulants also given; caution in peptic ulcer. (Clotani). See page 154 and Table 23.
tolmetin An anti-inflammatory analgesic agent used in rheumatoid and mUSCUIOskeletal conditions. As with related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) it may cause gastrointestinal disturbances in some patients, and should be taken after food. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur occasionally.
Dose: 0.6-1.8 g daily. (Tolectin). See page 163 and -Fable 29.
topiramateV A new anti-epileptic that differs chemically from related drugs. It is used as adjunctive therapy in partial seizure patients not adequately controlled by standard treatment.
Dose: initial (lose 100 nig daily, slowly increased at weekly intervals as required up to 800 mg daily. Patients receiving digoxin should be monitored. Not recommended for children. (Topaniax). See page 136 and Table 15.
topotecanV A new advance in cancer chemotherapy is the use of topoisomerase inhibitors. Topoisomerase I is necessary for DNA replication, and topotican acts by binding with super-coiled DNA and so preventing further DNA development. Dose: 1.5 mg/n’ by i.v. infusion daily for 5 days under expert supervision. Side-effects are myelosuppression and severe neutropenia. (Hycamptin). See page 122 and Table 8.
torasemide A loop diuretic of the
IrLISCII)i(IC type.
Dose: in oedema, 5-20 ing once daily; in pulmonary oedema 10-20 mg daily by slow i.v, injection but much larger doses are sometimes necessary. In hypertension. 5-20 mg daily. (Torero). See page 148 and Table 21.

toremitene’v” An anti-oestrogen used in h0i 11 im ie- dependent metastatic breast cancer.
Dose: 60 mg as a single daily dose. Side- effects are linked with the mode of action
aninclude hot flushes, dizziness and
sweating. Care is necessary in severe hepatic deficiency, angina and cardiac weakness. (Fareston). See page 122 and Table 8.
trannadoW An analgesic used in the short-tan) treatment of moderate to severe pain. It has reduced affinity for opioid receptors, and the action may be mediated by inhibiting the neuronal re-uptake of noradrenaline and related amines. Dose: 300-400nig; in severe pain it may he given by i.m. injection or i.v. injection/infusion in closes of 50- 100 ing 4-6-hourly. (Tramake; Zamadol; Zydol).
trandolapril An ACE inhibitor used in mild io moderate hypertension.
Dose: 500 jig daily initially, increased at intervals of 2-3 weeks up to 1-21ng once daily. If hypotension occurs, reduce supportive therapy before lowering the trandolopril dose. Prophylactic dose after myocardial infarction 500 Vg-4 mg daily. Diuretic therapy should be stopped before starting with trandolapril, to reduce the risks of initial hypotensive side-effects. (’are with monitoring in patients with renal and hepatic impairment. (Gopten; Odrik). See page 148 and Table 21.
tranexamic acid An antifibrinolytic agent used to check haemorrhage after prostactectomy, in surgery generally and in the control of menorrhagia.
Dose: 2-8 g daily; 3 g daily by slow i.v. infection. Side-effects are nausea, diarrhoea and dizziness. (Cyklokapron).
tranquillizers These drugs were once Separated into the major tranquillizers, represented by chlorpromazine, and the minor tranquillizers exemplified by diazepam, but are now often referred to as antipsychotic drugs and anxiolytics respectively. The antipsychotics are used mainly in the control of disturbed patients, and in schizophrenia, although they have some anti-anxiety properties, and long-term treatment is often necessary. The anxiolytic drugs are intended mainly for the short-term treatment of acute anxiety states, as extended use may
cause dependence. See pages H 7 & 168, and Tables 5 & 30.
Transiderm-Nitro A medicated patch containing glyceryl trinitrate designed to have an action over 24 hours in the prophylaxis of angina.
tranylcypromine A monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MACI), of use in severe depression not responding to other drugs. Dose: 20 nig daily initially, increased to .50 ing daily or more according to need. The use of tranylcypromine requires care, as the drug has a stimulant action that may complicate therapy, and phenelzine may be preferred. Side-effects are dizziness, dry mouth and insomnia. Liver damage may also occur, and a hypertensive crisis with throbbing headache requires withdrawal of the drug. Hyperthyroidism is a contraindication. (Parnate). See page 128 and Table 11.
trazodone An antidepressant chemically distinct from other drugs with a similar action, and with reduced anticholinergic and cardiovascular side-effects. It is
indicated mainly in depression associated with anxiety when a sedative action is also required.
Dose: 150-300mgd;iily.’['Iieside-effects are those of the tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline. (Molipaxin). See page 128 and’I'able 11.
treosuffan A cytotoxic agent related to busulphan, but used mainly in ovarian cancer.
Dose: I g daily for 28 days, repeated after a 4-week rest period; 5-15g by i.v. injection at intervals of 1-3 weeks. In all cases the (lose is adjusted according to the
degree of bone marrow depression that occurs. Other side-effects are those of cytotoxic drugs generally. Extravasation causes pain and local tissue damage. See page 122 and Table 8.
tretinoin A derivative of vitamin A. It is used locally for acne (Retin-A) and also for the treatment of photodamage to the skin (Retinova). A new use is the induction of remission in acute promyelocytic leukaemia.
Dose: 22.5 trig/m2 twice daily with food. Combined therapy may reduce the risk of relapse (Vesanoid).

lithium succinate Lithium succinate appears to have sonic antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used as an 8% ointment for seborrhoeic dermatitis. (Ftalith).
lodoxamide A mast cell stabilizer similar to sodium cromoglycate. Used as eye drops (0.1%) in allergic conjunctivitis. (Alomide).
Dose: in acute diarrhoea, 4 mg initially, followed by 2 nig as required, up to a maximum of 16 ing daily. In chronic diarrhoea, 4-8 nig daily, but care is necessary in the elderly to avoid faecal impaction. Loperamide is not suitable for children under 4 years of age, nor in patients with liver disease, as it may cause undesirable sedation. (Iniodium).
loprazolam A benzodiazepine hypnotic used mainly in the short-term treatment of insomnia and nocturnal arousal. Dose: 1-2 nig at bedtime. Side-effects include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth and headache. See page 152 and Table 22.
loratadine An antihistamine with the general action of that group of drugs, but with reduced sedative side-effects.
Dose: 10 nig dailv. (Clarityn). See page I 10 and Table 2.
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lofepramine An antidepressant of the irnipramine group, with similar actions and uses, but reduced sedative and anticholinergic side-effects.
Dose: 140-210 nig daily. (Gamanil). See page 128 and Table 11.
lofexidine A narcotic antagonist. It has a selective blocking action on brain nor-adrenaline, and is used for the rapid relief of opioid withdrawal symptoms associated with central sympathetic activity.
Dose: 200 pg twice a day, slowly increased as required over 7-10 days, before withdrawal over 2-4 days. Care is necessary in cardiac insufficiency and bradycardia. (Britl.olex).
lomotil A preparation of diphenoxylate with atropine, for the rapid control of diarrhoea. Dose: 2 tablets 6-hourly.
lomustine A slow-acting cytotoxic agent used in Hodgkin’s disease and solid tumours.
Dose: 130 ing/ni’body surface at intervals of (> 8 weeks. Side-effects, include anorexia. nausea, liver damage and niyelodeprm ion. Dosage should not be repeated until white cell and platelet counts have returned to an acceptable level. Reduced doses are given
when lomustine forms part of a multi-drug dosage scheme. (CCNU). See page 122 and Table 8.
loperamide A synthetic inhibitor of peristalsis.
lorazepam A short-acting anxiolytic/ hypnotic similar to diazepam, but less likely to cause next-day drowsiness. Dose: 1-4 mgdaily. It is also given in similar oral closes or by slow i.v. injection in doses of 50 pglkg for preoperative sedation and anuiesia. Occasionally used i.v. in status epilepticus in doses of 4 nig, but apnoea and hypotension are side-effects that may require resuscitation. fAtivan). See page 152 and Table 22.
lormetazepam A short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotic. It is useful in the treatment of insomnia in the elderly, but is less suitable for insomnia associated with early awakening.
Dose: 500 fig I nig at night. See page 152 and ‘]’able 22.
losartanV An angiotensin 11 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension.
Dose: 50ing daily The use of potassium-sparing diuretics should be avoided with losartan. It has the advantage of not causing the persistent dry cough associated with ACE inhibitors. (Cozaar). See page 148 and Table 21.
low molecular weight heparins See heparin.
loxapine Antipsychotic agent with the actions and uses of chlorpromazine. Dose: in acute and chronic psychoses, 25-50 mg daily, slowly increased as required. Maintenance doses range from 20-100111g daily. Side-effects are those of other anti-psychotic agents. but loxapine may cause nausea, vomiting and weight changes. f .oxapac). See page 168 and Table 30.
I Mob
magnesium hydroxide A mild antacid laxative, usually given in aqueous suspension as Cream of Magnesia, although tablet forms are also available. Cream of Magnesia is a useful antidote in mineral acid poisoning.
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Lugol’s solution An aqueous solution of iodine 5% and potassium iodide 10%. Used in the preoperative treatment of t hyrotoxicosis.
Dose: 0.3-1 ml.
lymecycline A soluble complex of tetracycline and lysine. It has the action and uses and side-effects of tetracycline, but is absorbed more readily.
Dose: 800 mg daily. (Tetralysal).
typressin An analogue of vasopressin used to control the polyuria of pituitary diabetes insipidus.
Dose: 2.5-10 units several times a day by nasal spray. Side-effects include nausea and abdominal pain. I.ypressin has some vasoconstrictor properties, and desmopressin is sometimes prellcrred. (Syntopressin).
lysuride (lisuride) A bromocriptine-like drug for the treatment of parkinsonism. II acts by stimulating any surviving dopamine receptors in the brain.
Dose: 200 pg at night with food,
irk ceased at weekly intervals according to response up to a maximum of 5 mg daily. Side-effects include nausea, dizziness and initial hypotensive reactions which may affect driving ability. (Revanil). See
page 160 and Table 26.
magnesium sulphate Epsom salts. A powerful saline aperient, producing loose stools by preventing the reabsorption of water.
Dose: 5- 15 g before breakfast. Used externally for the treatment of boils and carbuncles as a paste with glycerin. A marked loss of plasma magnesium may occur after severe diarrhoea or drug-induced diuresis, and may require the i.v. infection of magnesium sulphate in doses based on the degree of hypoinagnesacmia. It has also been given i.v. in a dose of 8 mmol in the emergency treatment of severe;U’rhythinias associated with hypokalaemia.
magnesium trisilicate A white insoluble powder, with mild but prolonged antacid effects. It was formerly widely used in the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer;
now used chiefly for dyspepsia.
Dose: 0.3-2 g.
malathion An organophosphorus insecticide. Used as a lotion 0.5% for lice and scabies as alternative to lindane or carbaryl.
mannitol A sugar that is not metabolized, and is used mainly as an osmotic diuretic. Dose: (after a test dose of 200 mg/kg) 50-200 g by slow i.v. infusion over 24 hours. Mannitol has also been used by i.v. infusion as a short-term ocular hypotensive agent in the treatment of glaucoma. It is also useful in cerebral oedema, given by rapid i.v. injection in a dose of I g/kg as a 2044, solution.
macrolides A group of antibiotics that differ chemically from the penicillins, yet have a similar pattern of activity. They are active orally and are useful in the treatment of penicillin-sensitive patients. Erythromycin is the most widely used member of the group, with clarithromycin and azithromycin as more recent introductions.
magnesium carbonate A white, insoluble powder with antacid and laxative properties.
Dose: 0J-4 g daily.
maprotiline A sedative antidepressant with a general action similar to that of the tricyclic drugs represented by amitriptyline. Dose: 25-150 mg daily. If given at night as a single dose, the sedative action may reduce the need for other drugs. It has milder anticholinergic side-effects than some related compounds, although skin rash is more common. (I udionlil). See page 128 and Table 11.
mebendazole An anthelmintic effective against most intestinal worms.

Dose: 100 mg once for threadworm, and 100 mg twice daily for 2 days against other infestations. Generally well tolerated, but it should not be given to children under 2 years of age. (Verniox).
I Men
in oedematous states. A potassium supplement may be required. Care is necessary in renal and hepatic deficiency.
(KiYcaron). See page 148 and Table 21.
mebeverine An antispasmodic agent which, unlike the anticholinergic drugs, appears to have a direct action on the intestinal smooth muscle. It is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal spasm and in the irritable bowel syndrome. Dose: .100 mg daily, before food. As with other antispasmodics, mebeverine should not be used in paralytic ileus. (Colofac).
medroxyprogesterone A synthetic progestogen.
Dose: in endometriosis 30 mg daily for 90 days; in dysfunctional uterine bleeding and secondary amenorrhoea: 2.3-10 mg daily for 5-10 days, starling on l6th-2 Ist day of cycle and repeated for 2-3 cycles. Large doses of 400 mg-1.5 g daily are given in breast, endometrial, prostate and other hormone-dependent cancers, or 250mg– I g weekly by deep i.m. inJection. (Farlutal; proves). Depot-proves is a long-acting product used by i.m. injection is a contraceptive. but only after fit][ counselling.
megestrol An orally active progestogen. It is used in oestrogen-dependent breast cancer, and acts by suppressing the uptake of oestrogens by the cancer cells.
Dose: 160 mg daily. Nausea and fluid retention with weight gain are occasional side-effects. (Megace). See page 122.
meloxicarn A recently introduced non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indicated in the short-term treatment of acute osteo-arthritis and the longer-term treatment of rheumatoid conditions. Dose: 7.5-15 mg once daily with food; half doses for the elderly. Suppositories of 15 mg are also available. The side-effects are basically those of the NSAI Ds in general. Meloxicam has a more selective action on cyclo-oxygenase, the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, and is less likely to cause gastrointestinal disturbance, but it has no cytoprotective action, and is not suitable for patients with peptic ulcer. (Niobic). See page 165 and Table 29.
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mefenamic acid A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic agent used to relieve moderate pain in arthritic and rheumatoid conditions, and other states requiring mild analgesic therapy such as dysmenorrhoea. Dose: 1.5 g daily after food. Side-effects are drowsiness an(] haemolytic anaemia. Diarrhoea is an indication that the drug should be withdrawn. (Ponstan). See page 165 and Table 29.
rnefloquine A drug for the prophylaxis and treatment ofchloroquine-resistant malaria. Dose: lot- short -term prophylaxis 250 mg weekly, starting 1 week before exposure and for 4 weeks after return. Doses for treatment require specialist advice. Side-effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness and weakness. It is contraindicated in patients with a history of neu ro- psych iatric disturbance, and is not suitable for use in severe renal or hepatic impairment. (Lirium). See halofantrine.
mefruside A diuretic useful in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. Dose: 25-50 mg daily in the morning, according to need and response; 25-100 mg
melphalan An alkylating agent of the mustine type. Used mainly in myelomas, lymphomas and some solid tumours. Dose: 150-300 gg/kg daily for 4-6 days, repeated after 1-2 months. In myeloma it is also given by regional perfusion. The injection solution is highly irritant and contact should be avoided. Side-effects include myelo-depression, nausea, rash and pruritus. (Alkeran). See page 122 and ‘rabic 8.
menadiol A water-soluble form of vitamin K. Dose: 10 ing daily. (Synkavit) Phytorneii,dionc i.% now preferred.
menotrophin Human menopausal gonadotrophin containing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. It is used in the treatment of anovulatory sterility. The dose depends on individual hormone assays and response. The use of the drug has resulted in multiple births. It is also given to males to stimulate spermatogenesis. (Humegon; Normegon).
menthol Colourless crystals obtained from oil of peppermint. Used as spray or drops for nasopharyngeal inflammation.

imipenem An antibiotic with a range of activity that includes Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as aerobes and anaerobes, and is indicated in infections due to such organisms. It is given by i.v. infusion in doses of 1-2 g daily. Also used in surgical prophylaxis. As it is inactivated to some extent by kidney enzymes, it is always given together with the specific enzyme inhibitor cilastatin. The side-effects are numerous and include those common to other antibiotics. Care is necessary in hypersensitivity to the penicillins, cephalosporins and related antibiotics, and in epilepsy. (Prinlaxin).
imipramine A tricyclic antidepressant with the general action, uses and side-effects of amitriptyline, but with a reduced sedative action. It has been widely used in acute
endogenous depression, although the initial response may be slow, and long treatment may be required.
Dose: 7; ing daily, increased up to 200 mg. A single (lose of 150 mg may be given at night. It is sometimes used in the treatment of enuresis in closes of 25-50 mg. liniprarnine should not be given in association with or soon after monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as the effects of both drugs may be increased. Innipramine may also reduce the response to some anti-hypertensive drugs. (Tofranil). See
page 128 and Table 11.
immune defence system of the body, their use requires care. The systemically acting corticosteroids such as prednisolone also have valuable immunosuppressant
properties. Cyclosporin has a powerful immunosuppressant action with little myelotoxicity, and is also used in the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVEID). Tacrolinus is a new product with the actions and uses of cyclosporin.
indapamide A slow-acting thiazide- related
drug used in hypertension.    57 Dose: 2.5 nig daily, continued for some months, until a maximum response has been obtained. Combined treatment with beta-blocking agents and other drugs may increase the response, but saluretic diuretics are not recommended as they may cause hypokalaemia. (Natrilix). See page 1,18and’I able 21.
indigo carmine A blue dye that has been used as a 0.4% solution by injection as a renal function test. Normally the urine is coloured blue in 10 minutes or so.
indinavirV An antiviral agent that functions as all inhibitor of HIV-protease. It prevents the development of immature virus particles into infective virus. It is best given in combination with another antiviral agent such as acyclovir which acts by a different mechanism.
Dose: 2A g daily, with ample fluid between meals. Care is necessary in hepatic impairment. (Crixivan). See page’ 144 and Table 19.
immunoglobulin The normal product obtained from plasma is given for protection against hepatitis, measles, rubella and hepatitis A in susceptible patients. More specific products are hepatitis B immunoglobulin, tetanus human immunoglobulin (H’1′1(;) and varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG). Anti-D(Rh) immunoglobulin is used to prevent a rhesus-negative mother from forming antibodies to fetal rhesus-positive cells that may reach the maternal circulation, and so protect any further child from the risks of haemolytic disease.
immunosuppressants Drugs such as azathioprine that suppress the normal immune response are used in transplant surgery to prevent tissue rejection, but as their action includes depression of the
indomethacin A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent (NSAID) of value in arthritic and rheumatoid conditions, and in acute gout. Dose: 50-200 mg daily with loud. Suppositories 100 mg are useful at night to reduce morning stiffness. Dose in dysmenorrhoea, up to 75gdaily. Side-effects are numerous and include gastrointestinal disturbances, which may be severe and cause bleeding,
dizziness and confusion. Hypersensitivity I PC
reactions with blood disorders have been reported, and blurred vision with corneal deposits may occur with prolonged treatment. Indornethacin is also used by i.v.
injection for the closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in premature babies, but the dose requires careful assessment under specialist supervision. (Iriclocid; Inibrilon). See page 161 and Table 29.

indoramin An alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent used in hypertension. It has a selective action on the alpha- receptors, and by preventing the release of noradrenaline it reduces peripheral resistance and lowers the blood pressure. The response may be increased by combined treatment with a thiazide diuretic or a beta-blocking agent. Dose: 30 nig initially daily, increased, if required, up to 200 nig daily. Side-effects include drowsiness, dizziness and some anticholinergic reactions such as dryness of the mouth. (Baratol). It is also used for the symptomatic reliefofbenign prostatic hypertrophy in doses of 40-100 mg daily, although in elderly patients small doses of 20 nig at night may be effective.
(Doralese). See page 148 and Table 21.
inosine pranobex A complex containing the pinkie metabolite inosine. The complex has antiviral properties, and may act more by stimulating the immune system than by a direct action on viral replication. Indicated in herpes simplex virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes.
Dose: 4 g daily for 1-2 weeks. (,are is necessary in renal impairment, gout or hyperuricaernia. flinintmovir).
inositol nicotinate A vasodilator agent used mainly in peripheral vascular disorders such as Raynaud’s disease, and acrocyanosis.
Dose: 1-4 g daily. (Hexopal).
insulin The antidiabetic principle of the pancreas, regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. It is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus by s.c. injection in doses adjusted to individual need. Many modified insulin products are available, designed to extend the duration of action and reduce the frequency of injections, and so simulate the effects of the natural hormone more closely. Human insulins, obtained by the modification of pork insulin (erne) or by biosynthesis (crb) are also available, and are used routinely to an increasing extent. A transfer front animal to human insulin requires monitoring, and patients should be warned that the usual early symptoms of hypoglycaemia may be less marked. In diabetic emergency, soluble insulin remains the preparation of choice. See page 131 ;in(] Table 12.
interferons Protective proteins formed in
mammalian cells in response to viral
invasion. Interferon alfa, obtained by DNA technology, has cytotoxic properties, and is used in hairy cell leukaemia and renal cell carcinoma. Interferon gamma is used with antibiotics in chronic granulomatous disease.
Dose: sec data sheets.
interleukin See aldesleukin.
iodine Powerful antiseptic used as povidoneiodine for skin preparation. Hypersensitivity to iodine skin applications is not unknown. Given orally in preoperative Treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
Dose: as Aqueous Iodine Solution
I IA1g0l’S solution) 0.3-1 nil diluted with milk or water.
iodized oil Poppy-seed oil containing 40% iodine in combination. Used as a contrast agent in lymphangiography, hysterosalpingography, and other radiological
examinations.
iodoform Yellow powder with strong odour. Ni ill antiseptic used occasionally as BIPP.
iopanoic acid A radio-opaque substance used as a contrast agent in cholecystography. It is largely excreted in the bile when given orally.
Dose: 2-6g.
iophendylate An oily liquid containing 300,’o of combined iodine. It is mainly used as a contrast agent in myelography. Dose: 6-9 nil by injection into the subarachnoid space. Before intrauterine blood transfusion, 9 nil have been injected into the amniotic sac to outline the fetus. Shock and violent coughing may occur if any iophendylate reaches the circulation.
ipecacuanha The dried root front which enietine is obtained. It has emetic properties, and is used mainly as Ipecacuanha Emetic Mixture in some forms of
Poisoning.
Dose: 30 ml in adults; 10-13 nil in
children.
ipratropium An anticholinergic agent with hronchodilator properties. Of value in bronchoconstrictive states not responding to selective beta,-receptor stimulants represented by salbutamol. It is relatively free front the side-eficcts associated with anticholinergic drugs.

Dose: by aerosol inhalation, 20-40pg (1-2 puffs) 4 times a day. Similar doses are given by nasal spray in watery rhinorrhoca. (Atrovent). See page I IS and Table 3.
irbisartan An angimensin 11-receptor antagonist used in hypertension. It acts at a later stage than the ACE-inhibitors, and is less likely to cause drug-induced cough. Dose: 150-300 mg once a day. (Aprovel See page 148 and Table 21.
irinotecanV An inhibitor of topoisomerase 1, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. Used in colorectal cancer. Dose: 150-350 nighn’by i.v. infusion. Side-effects are neutropenia and diarrhoea. (C.-arripto). See page 122.
iron-sorbitol An injectable iron product for me when oral iron therapy is not possible or not effective. It is given by deep i.m. injection, taking care to prevent leakage back along the injection track to avoid staining the skin, in doses based on the degree of iron deficiency. (Jectofer). See page 112 and Table 3.
iron salts See ferrous sulphate.
isocarboxazid A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with the antidepressant action, uses and side-effects of phenelzine. Dose: 30 mg initially daily, subsequently increased if necessary up to 60 mg daily, reduced later to 10-20 mg daily according to need. (Marplan). See page 128 and Table 11.
isoconazole An antifungal agent similar to miconazole. Used tot the single-dose local treatment of candidal and trichomonal vaginal infections.
Dose: 600 mg as 2 vaginal pessaries. I r.i\ogvn,.
isofluorane An inhalation anaesthetic with the action and uses of halothane and enllurane. It is given as a 0.5-3% oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture from a calibrated vaporizer.
isonlazid A pyridine derivative with a specific action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis, but as bacterial resistance soon develops combined treatment with other drugs such as rifampicin is essential. Dose: 300 mg daily, or 1 g twice it week,
I tar
and Mien continued for some months. Side-effects include nausea and peripheral neuritis, rash and psychotic episodes. See page 170 and Table 31.
isoprenaline An old adrenaline-like beta-receptor agonist. It is used occasionally for the short-term treatment of severe heart block and bradycardia.
Dose: 5-10 lighnin by i.v. injection. Also used in airways obstructive conditions by aerosol inhalation in doses of 80-240 pg ( 1-3 puffs) as required. (Saventrine).
isosorbide dinitrate A vasodilator with
the actions, uses and side-effects of
glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged action.
Dose: in acute angina, 5-10 mg, sublingually; for extended treatment 30-120 mg orally daily; in left ventricular failure tip to 240 nig daily; by i.v. infusion, 2-10 mg/hr. See page 114 and Table 4.
isosorbide mononitrate The active metabolite of the dinitrate. It escapes first-pass loss in the liver, and has a more rapid action. May cause peripheral vasodilatation and headache.
Dose: 40-120 mg daily. See page 114 and
isotretinoin A potent, orally active derivative of vitamin A. It is used for severe acne not responding to other treatment, and brings about a prolonged remission of symptoms.
Dose: iOo pg/kg daily for 4 weeks to assess response, followed by treatment for 8-10 weeks. An exacerbation of symptoms is common after 2-8 weeks which usually subsides later. Side-effects include dryness of mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, nausea and muscle pain. Isotretinoin is teratogenic so pregnancy must be avoided. Its use requires care under expert supervision. (Roaccutime).
ispaghula The husk of ispaghula seed. It swells in water and is used as a bulk laxative It is also useful in irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulitis.
Dose: 3–,g daily.
isradipine A calcium channel blocking agent used in hypertension.
Dose: 5 mg daily initially

dornase alfa A recombinant form of human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) used in cystic fibrosis. The viscous purulent airways secretion of that disease is due to the presence of large amounts of extra-cellular DNA from degenerating leucocytes. Dornase alfa breaks down the DNA and reduces the sputum viscosity. Dose: 2500 units daily by inhalation from it jet nebulizer. Daily treatment is necessary to maintain the response. (Ptilillozvme).
dorzolamide An inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase that reduces the amount of sodium bicarbonate in the aqueous humour of the eye. It is used as eye drops (2%) 2 or 3 times a day as adjunctive therapy in ocular hypertension when beta-blockers are unsuitable or ineffective. (Trusopt). See page 138 and Table 16.
dothiepin (dosulepin) A tricyclic antidepressant with the uses and side-effects of antitriptyline. It is used in the treatment of depression when a sedative action is also indicated.
Dose: 75-150 mg daily. It may also be given as a single nightly dose to reduce daytime drowsiness. (Prothiaden). See page 128 and Table 11.
doxapram A respiratory stimulant useful in postoperative respiratory failure under expert control.
Dose: by i.v. injection 1-1.5 nig1kg according to need. It is also given by i.v. infusion in doses controlled by arterial food gas studies. Side-effects include hypertension, Ypertension, bronchospasin and tachycardia. (Dopram).
doxepin An antidepressant with the actions, uses and side-effects of dothiepin.
Dose: 30–300 nig daily; a single dose of I Ito mg is sometimes given at night. (Sinequan). See page 128 and Table 11.
doxorubicin A cytotoxic antibiotic widely used in leukaemia, lymphosarcoma, breast and lung cancer.
Dose: by fast i.v. infusion 60-75 nigIm’ at intervals of 3 weeks, or 20-25 mg/m’ daily for 3 days. It is also used by bladder installation (50 mg in 50 nil of saline solution) for superficial bladder tumours. Side-effects include bone marrow depression, cardiac damage, alopecia, buccal ulceration and nausea. Doxorubicin is it skin irritant, and should he handled with care. See page 122 and Table 8.
doxycycline A long-acting tetracycline. Dose: 200 mg initially, followed by 100 ing its a single daily (lose. In acne, a dose of 50 mg daily is given for some weeks. It should be taken with adequate fluid, with the patient in a sitting or standing position. (Nordox; Vibramycin).
droperidol A tranquillizer with unusual properties. It is given in severe psychotic conditions such as mania, in drug-induced nausea and vomiting and for preoperative sedation. It is also given with fentanyl to produce a state of detachment (neuroleptanalgesia).
Dose: 20-120 ing daily; 5-10 ing by injection; in cancer therapy induced vomiting (loses of 1-3 nig/hr have been given by continuous i.v. infusion. Side-effects are those of chlorpromazine and haloperidol. (Droleptan).
doxazocin An alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent of the prazosin type, but with a longer action that permits a single daily dose.
Dose: in hypertension I mg initially, slowly increased after 7-14 days to 2 mg daily, up to a daily maximum of 16 ing, usually in association with other amihypertensive drugs. It is also used in Iliesymptcunitic treatment ofbenign prostatic . P
hy erplasia. Side-effects are
dydrogesterone An orally active progestogen that is virtually free from
any oestrogenic or androgenic side-effects. It is used in amenorrhoea, endometriosis, functional uterine bleeding, and threatened abortion.
Dose: 10-30 mg daily. (Ouphastort).

econazole An antifungal agent similar in actions and uses to clotrimazole. (Ecostatin; Pcvaryl).
ecothiopate A potent and long-acting iniotic that has been used in glaucoma as eye drops of 0.03-0.25%. It may cause cataract; its availability is strictly limited.
edrophonium A very short-acting drug of the neostigniine type. It is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
Dose: 2-10 nig by i.v. injection, which causes a marked but transient increase in muscle power if myasthenia gravis is present.
eformoterol A selective P2 stimulant (agonist) with a rapid initial action, used as supplementary treatment in patients receiving other bronchodilator therapy for reversible airway obstruction.
Dose: by inhalation: 12µg twice daily, doubled if necessary. (.are is necessary in ischaernic heart disease and diabetes. Not to be used for acute attacks. (Foradil). Sec page 118 and Table 6.
enalapril An ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of all types of hypertension, and in congestic heart failure, often together with a diuretic.
Dose: i ing daily initially, increase(] as required up to 40 mg daily, and often given as a single dose. Dizziness, hypotension and loss of taste are some side-effects. ! I imov.i, :. See page 148 and Table 21.
enflurane An inhalation anaesthetic with the actions and uses of halothane, but less potent.
epoetin alfa and beta Recombinant fornis of human erythropoietin. (Eprex; Recormon). See erythropoietin.
epoprostenol A prostaglandin present in the walls of blood vessels that inhibits platelet aggregation. It is used to prevent platelet aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass and charcoal haemoperfusion, and as an alternative to heparin in renal dialysis.
Dose: 10-20 ng1kShnin by continuous i.v. infusion. Smaller doses in renal dialysis. It is also a vasodilator, and side-effects are flushing and hypotension. (Flolan).
enoxaparin A low-molecular weight and longer acting form of heparin. It has the general properties of heparin, but with less effect on blood platelet activity. It is used in the prevention of venous thrombosis. Dose: 20 mg by sx. injection once daily ( I hour before surgery) for 7-10 days. (Clexane). See certoparin, dalteparin and tinzaparin.
enoximone An inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. It has a digoxin-like action on the myocardium and is used in
eptacog alfa See Factor VIIa.
ergocalciferol See calciferol.
ergometrine The principal alkaloid of ergot. It promotes uterine contraction and is used for the rapid control of postpartum haemorrhage. Dangerous in the early stages of labour.
Dose: 05-1 nig orally; or 200-500 jig by injection. It is often used together with oxycytocin as Syntometrine. Side-effects are nausea and transient hypertension.

ergot A fungus that develops in rye and replaces the normal grain. The active principles include ergometrine and ergotamine. Chronic toxic effects characterized by gangrene of the extremities have followed the use of ergot-contaminated rye bread.
ergotamine Air alkaloid of ergot that constricts the cranial arteries, and is used solely for the relief of migraine not responding to analgesic therapy. Early treatment evokes the best response.
Dose: 2 mg initially up to 6 ing during an attack, not to be repeated until after an interval of some days.”I oral dose in I week: 10– 12 mg. It is also given by oral inhalation in doses of 360pg ( I puff), repeated after 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 6 puffs daily. Side-effects include headache and nausea, and the drug should be withdrawn if tingling of the extremities occurs.
trot suitable for prophylaxis because of the risks of toxicity. (Lingriine). Sec page 154
erythromycin Air antibiotic, resembling penicillin in its general range of activity, with the advantage of being active orally. It is useful in streptococcal and respiratory infections and in penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. Erythromycin is also of value in penicillin-sensitive patients. It is also given as a prophylactic before dental surgery. Dose: up to 4 g daily; in severe infections it may lie given by slow i.v. infusion in closes of 50 mg/kg daily. Side-effects include nausea and vomiting, and diarrhoea may occur after high doses. Gore is necessary in hepatic impairment. Preparations of erythromycin estolate are contraindicated in liver disease. Erythromycin may potentiate the action of warfarin. It should not be given with aslenii/.ole or terfenadine.
erythropoietin (epoetin) A renal hormone that regulates blood cell production in the bone marrow. Patients with renal failure maintained by haemodialysis do not
produce epoetin, and so become anaemic. A recombinant form of erythropoietin is available for replacement therapy.
Dose: 20-50 units/kg 3 times a week by s.c. or i.v. injection under haematological control. Side-effects include headache and hypertension, but a sudden migraine-like pain may indicate air impending hypertensive crisis. (Eprex; Itecormon).
eserine See physotiginine.
esmolol A very short-acting betaadrenoceptor blocker used in the emergency treatment of supra-ventricular arrhythmias, tachycardia and perioperative hypertension.
Dose: by i.v. infusion 50-200pg/kg/rniri under close control. (Brevibloc).
estramustine A compound of oestradiol and inustine, designed to release mustinc at oestrogen-receptor sites. It has a more localized action and so causes less myelodepression. It is used mainly in prostatic carcinoma, especially when resistant to other therapy.
Dose: 0.56-1.4 g daily. It should not be taken with food or milk products. Side-effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea and gynaccomastia. (Fstracyt). See page 122 and Table 8.
ethacrynic acid A loop diuretic with a rapid and intense action used mainly in oliguria due to renal failure.
Dose: 50 ing daily initially, increased as required up to a maximum of400rng daily or on alternate days. Ethacrynic acid is also given by slow i.v. iniection in doses of 50-100 mg in acute or refractory conditions. Side-effects include nausea, diarrhoea and deafness. Some hypotension may occur initially. (Edecrin).
ethambutol An antitubercular drug.
Dose: 15 mg/kg daily, together with i i lo i i ipic in or isoniazid. Lower doses should be given in renal damage. It may cause visual disturbances with loss of acuity, but recovery is usually complete on withdrawal of the drug. (Myarnbutol). See page 170 and Table 31.
ethamsylate A haemostatic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of periventricular haemorrhage in low birth-weight infants.
Dose: 12.5 mg/kg by injection 6-hourly within 2 hours of birth and continued for 4 days. It is also used orally in menorrhagia. Dose: 2g daily. (Dicynene).
ethanolamine oleate A sclerosing agent used for varicose veins and bleeding oesophageal varices.
Dose: by local i.v. injection, 2-5 nil.
ether A colourless inflammable liquid, once widely used as a general anaesthetic but now replaced by halothane.